Izraelio ginkluotosios pajėgos / Tzahal

[Robis]

Izraelis, tai tolima, bet kartu ir artima šalis, kurios patirtis, ypač karinė, labai aktuali Lietuvai. Todėl manau labai svarbu plačiau sužinoti, pasimokyti ir perimti patirtį iš Izraelio, mažos šalies, turinčios vieną galingiausių kariuomenių ir turinčios vieną pažangiausių karinių pramonių. Izraelis ne kartą įrodė, kad turint net ribotus resursus, įmanoma ne tik atsilaikyti prieš galingesnį priešą, bet ir jį nugalėti. Ši patirtis dabar mums aktuali kaip niekad.

[Robis]

Izraelio ginkluotosios pajėgos: Hebrew: צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל



Tsva ha-Hagana le-Yisra'el, reiškia Izraelio gynybinės pajėgos, dar sutrumpintai vadinama Tzahal (צה״ל).

Izraelio ginkluotųjų pajėgų emblema:





Izraelio ginkluotųjų pajėgų vėliava:





Izraelio ginkluotosios pajėgos Tzahal, buvo įkurtos 1948 m. gegužės 26 d. paskelbus įsaką laikinajai vyriausybei, vadovaujamos Davido Ben Guriono.

Izraelio ginkluotųjų pajėgų struktūrą sudaro trys karinių pajėgų rūšys: sausumos pajėgos, karinės oro pajėgos ir karinės jūrų pajėgos.

Sausumos pajėgose tarnauja 120,000 karių, ir kurios turi 3750 vnt. šarvuotos technikos.

Oro pajėgose tarnauja 35,000 karių, ir kurios turi 704 karo lėktuvų.

Kariniame jūrų laivyne tarnauja 6500 karių, ir kuriame yra 48 laivai ir 3 povandeniniai laivai.

Taip pat yra rezervinės pajėgos iš 445 000 žmonių.

Taip pat Izraelis turi branduolinį arsenalą, kurį sudaro apie 100 branduolinių galvučių.

Kas metai Izraelis gynybai skiria iki 9,5% nuo šalies BVP, kas sudaro apie 15 milijardų dolerių.

2015 m. duomenimis Izraelis gynybai skyrė 6,2% nuo BVP, kas sudarė 18,6 milijardų dolerių.

[Danas]

Branduolinių galvučių kiekis didokas - dažniau estimuojama, kad Izraelis jų turi 60-80.

[Robis]

Prieštaringi duomenys, vienur skelbiama, kad apie šimtą, kitur penki šimtai. Matyt tikri duomenys įslaptinti.

[Robis]

Izraelio sausumos pajėgos ginkluotos:

Lengvieji ginklai:

Jericho 941[4]		Semi-Automatic Pistol	9×19mm	Israel	Used by IDF and IDF Special Forces
Glock 17[5]		Semi-Automatic Pistol	9×19mm	Austria	Used by IDF Special Forces
Glock 19[6]		Semi-Automatic Pistol	9×19mm	Austria	Used by IDF Special Forces
Browning Hi-Power[6]		Semi-Automatic Pistol	9×19mm	Belgium
Beretta M1951[4]		Semi-Automatic Pistol	9×19mm	Italy
Heckler & Koch P11[4]		Underwater pistol	7.62×36mm	Germany
IMI Uzi[7]		Submachine Gun	9×19mm	Israel	Uzi, Mini-Uzi, Micro-Uzi, and Uzi-Pro used.
Ingram MAC-10[4]		Submachine Gun	9×19mm	United States
IWI X95[4]		Submachine Gun and Bullpup Assault Rifle	9×19mm variant	Israel	9x19mm suppressed variant used by IDF Special Forces
Suppressed Ruger 10/22[6][8]		Semi-automatic rifle	.22 LR	United States	Adopted for non-lethal crowd control.
IWI X95[4]		Bullpup Assault Rifle / Carbine	5.56x45mm	Israel	Compact version of the TAR-21. Standard Issue rifle since 2009 replacing the TAR-21.
IWI Tavor TAR-21 [4]		Assault Rifle	5.56×45mm	Israel	Cut from service as of 2009 and replaced by the X95.
M4 Carbine[4]		Assault Rifle	5.56×45mm	United States	Standard Issue Assault Rifle along with M16, CAR-15, and X95
M16A1[9]		Assault Rifle	5.56×45mm	United States	Standard Issue Assault Rifle along with the M4, CAR-15, and X95
CAR-15[6]		Assault Rifle	5.56×45mm	United States	Standard Issue Assault Rifle along with M4, M16A1, and X95
IMI Galil[4][7]		Assault Rifle	5.56×45mm	Israel	Used in limited numbers. Variants used are Galil AR and Galil SAR. Most Galil's have been replaced by the Galil ACE.
IMI Micro Galil		Assault Rifle	5.56×45mm	Israel	Used in limited numbers. Highly compact version of the Galil. Most Galil's have been replaced by the Galil ACE.
AKM[4][7][10]		Assault Rifle	7.62×39mm	Soviet Union	Captured from Arab armies over the course of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and used by Special Forces.
AK-47[4][7][11]		Assault Rifle	7.62×39mm	Soviet Union	Captured from Arab armies over the course of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and used by Special Forces.
M14[4]		Battle Rifle	7.62×51mm	United States	Used in limited numbers by the IDF.
IMI Negev[4]		Light Machine Gun	5.56×45mm and 7.62x51	Israel	Capable of firing semi-automatic or full-auto. the 5.56 variant features a unique dual feed system, it can accept 30 round STANAG magazines and an assault-box belt.
M1919 Browning		Medium Machine Gun	.30-06 Springfield	United States
FN MAG[12]		General Purpose Machine Gun	7.62×51mm	Belgium
Negev NG7		General Purpose Machine Gun	7.62×51mm	Israel	Capable of semi-automatic or full-automatic fire.
PKM[6]		General Purpose Machine Gun	7.62×54mmR	Soviet Union	Captured from Arab armies over the course of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and used by Special Forces.
Browning M2[4]		Heavy Machine Gun	12.7×99mm	United States	Upgraded to M2HB-QCB
Remington 870[6]		Shotgun	12 Gauge	United States
Mossberg 500		Shotgun	12 Gauge	United States
Armsel Striker		Revolving Shotgun	12 Gauge	South Africa	Used for riot control
SR-25[6]		Designated marksman rifle	7.62×51mm	United States
IMI Galatz		Designated marksman rifle	7.62×51mm	Israel	Sniper variant of the Galil
M89SR[6]		Designated marksman rifle	7.62×51mm	Israel
M24[6]		Sniper Rifle	7.62×51mm	United States
HTR 2000		Sniper Rifle	.338 Lapua	United States
Barrett M82		Anti-materiel rifle	12.7×99mm	United States
M26A2		Fragmentation Grenade	n/a	Israel	Based on the American M26 grenade
IDF M48		Stun grenade	n/a	Israel	Based on the American M84 stun grenade

[Robis]

Raketos ir granatsvaidžiai:

B-300		Shoulder-launched Rocket	82mm	Israel
RPG-7		Shoulder-launched Rocket	85mm	Soviet Union
Shipon		Shoulder-launched Rocket	83mm	Israel
M72 LAW		Shoulder-launched Rocket	66mm	United States
MATADOR		Shoulder-launched Rocket	90mm	Israel Singapore
M79[4]		Stand-alone Grenade Launcher	40mm	United States
M203[4]		Under-Barrel Grenade Launcher	40mm	United States	Usually mounted under an M16, M4, CAR-15, or X95. Mounted on X95's with longer barrels and large trigger guard instead of the standard pistol grip gaurd.
Mk 19[4]		Automatic Grenade Launcher	40mm	United States
Mk 47 Striker		Automatic Grenade Launcher	40mm	United States

[Robis]

Prieštankinės raketos:

Spike		Anti-Tank Missile	Israel
BGM-71 TOW		Anti-Tank Missile	United States
LAHAT		Anti-Tank Missile	Israel
MAPATS		Anti-Tank Missile	Israel
Nimrod		Long-range anti-tank missile	Israel
M47 Dragon		Anti-Tank Missile	United States

[Robis]

Pagrindiniai tankai:

Merkava Mark IV		Main Battle Tank	660	Israel	In active service
Merkava Mark III		Main Battle Tank	780	Israel	In active service
Merkava Mark II		Main Battle Tank	580	Israel	Some in reserve [14]
Merkava Mark I		Main Battle Tank	250	Israel	Retired[14]
Magach 7		Main Battle Tank	1060	United States Israel	Retired from front line service, based on the American M60 Patton, still in use with reserve forces

[Robis]

Vikšriniai šarvuočiai:

M113		Armored Personnel Carrier	6131	United States Israel
IDF Achzarit		Heavy Armored Personnel Carrier	215	Israel	Based on the T-54 Tank
Nagmachon		Heavy Armored Personnel Carrier	N/A	United Kingdom Israel	Based on the Centurion Tank
Nakpadon		Heavy Armored Personnel Carrier	N/A	United Kingdom Israel	Based on the Centurion Tank
Nakpuma		Heavy Combat Engineering/Armored Personnel Carrier	N/A	United Kingdom Israel	Based on the Centurion Tank
Namer		Heavy Armored Personnel Carrier	120	Israel	531 planned to be in service by 2027. Based on the Merkava chassis.

[Robis]

Šarvuoti automobiliai:

Wolf		Armored Vehicle	300	Israel
AIL Storm		Utility vehicle	700	Israel
HMMWV		Utility vehicle	2,000+	United States
MDT David		Utility vehicle	400	United Kingdom Israel	Based on the Land Rover Defender
Plasan Sand Cat		Utility Vehicle	79	Israel

[Robis]

Kariniai sunkvežimiai:

AIL Abir		4×4 Truck	N/A	Israel
M35		8×12 Truck	N/A	United States
Unimog 437		Heavy Truck	N/A	Germany
HEMTT		8×8 Heavy Truck	N/A	United States

[Robis]

Inžinierinės mašinos:

Puma		Heavy Combat Engineering Vehicle	N/A	United Kingdom Israel	Based on the Centurion Tank
CAT D9		Combat Armored Bulldozer	175	United States Israel	Bulldozer manufactured by Caterpillar Inc., military conversion and armor by Israel.
M548 Alfa		Cargo & Ammunition Carrier	N/A	United States Israel	Based on the M113
M60 AVLB		Armored Bridge Layer	10	United States
Nemmera		Armored Recovery Vehicle	N/A	Israel	Based on the Merkava
M88		Armored Recovery Vehicle	25	United States
Nagmapop		Command & Surveillance vehicle	N/A	United Kingdom Israel	Based on the Centurion Tank
AIL Desert Raider		Dune Buggy	N/A	Israel
VIPeR		Unmanned Ground Vehicle	N/A	Israel
Guardium		Unmanned Ground Vehicle	N/A	Israel
Black Thunder		Unmanned Bulldozer	N/A	United States Israel	Based on the Caterpillar D9[16]

[Robis]

Artilerija:

M109		155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer	600	United States Israel	Upgraded as the M109 Doher. Based on the M109A5. Replacement program initiated,[17]candidates include ATMOS 2000 and the Artillery Gun Module.[18]
Soltam M-71		155mm Towed Howitzer	300	Israel
Soltam M-68		155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer	50	Israel	In reserve
Pereh		Guided Missile Carrier	?	Israel	Declassified June 2015
M270		Multiple Rocket Launcher	48	United States
Cardom SP		120mm Self-Propelled Mortar	64	Israel
Soltam M-65		120mm Mortar	250	Israel
M113 Tamuz		Missile Launching Vehicle	N/A	Israel	Spike Missiles launched from an M113 chassis[19]
LAR-160		160mm Artillery Rocket		Israel
Extended Range Artillery Rocket (EXTRA)		Long-Range Artillery Rocket		Israel	150 km range[20]
LORA		Ballistic Missile		Israel

[Robis]

Oro gynybos sistemos:

Machbet		Air Defense Vehicle	400	United States Israel	Based on the M163 VADS
FIM-92 Stinger		Shoulder-launched Surface-to-air missile	500	United States
FIM-43 Redeye		Shoulder-launched Surface-to-air missile	N/A	United States
ZSU-23-4		Air Defense Vehicle	60[21]	Soviet Union
Bofors L/70		40mm Anti-Aircraft Gun	N/A	Sweden
ZU-23-2		23mm Anti-Aircraft Gun	N/A	Soviet Union
TCM-20		20mm Anti-Aircraft Gun	N/A	France Switzerland Israel

[Robis]

Karinės oro pajėgos:


Naikintuvai:

Boeing F-15 Eagle	United States	air superiority fighter	F-15A "Baz"	{\displaystyle {\Bigg \}}} 52[22]	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 42[23]	16[24]
F-15C "Baz"	17[24]
F-15B "Baz"	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 16[23]	6[24]
F-15D "Baz"	11[24]
Boeing F-15E Strike Eagle	United States	strike fighter	F-15I "Ra'am"	25[22]	25[23]	25[24]
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon	United States	multirole fighter	F-16A "Netz"	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 107[22]	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 63[23][25]	77[24]
F-16B "Netz"	16[24]
F-16C "Barak"	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 136[22]	77[23][25]	78[24]
F-16D "Barak"	49[23][25]	49[24]
F-16I "Sufa"	100[22]	99[23]	99[24]

[Robis]

Mokomieji lėktuvai:

Grob G-120	Germany	trainer aircraft	G-120AI "Snunit"	27[22]	17[23]	17[24]
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II	United States	trainer aircraft	T-6A "Efroni"	19[22]	20[23]	20[24]
McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk	United States	ground attack / trainer	A-4N, TA-4H/J "Ayit"	20[22]	20[26]	46[24]
Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master	Italy	transonic jet trainer	M-346 "Lavi"		2 (30)[27]

[Robis]

Transportiniai, aptarnavimo, žvalgybos ir jūrų patruliavimo lėktuvai:

Air Tractor AT-802	United States	aerial firefighting	AT-802F	8[22]	7[23]	3[24]
Beechcraft Bonanza	United States	utility	A-36 "Khofit"	22[22]	–	22[24]
Beechcraft Super King Air (C-12 Huron)	United States	utility / transport / trainer	B-200/T/CT "Tzofit"	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 29[22]	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 29[23]	22[24]
EW / ELINT / SIGINT	RC-12D/K "Kookiya"	6[24]
IAI SeaScan	Israel	maritime patrol	1124N "Shahaf"	3[22]	3[23]	3[24]
Gulfstream G550	United States	SEMA	G500 "Nahshon-Shavit"	3[22]	3[23]	3[24]
CAEW	G550 "Nahshon-Eitam"	2[22]	2[23]	2[24]
Lockheed C-130 Hercules	United States	tactical transport	C-130E "Qarnaf"	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 12[22]	{\displaystyle {\Big \}}} 12[23]	5[24]
C-130H "Qarnaf"	6[24]
aerial refueling	KC-130H "Qarnaf"	3[22]	4[23]	4[24]
Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules	United States	tactical transport	C-130J "Shimshon"	-	1 (4)[28]	-
Boeing 707	United States	heavy transport / EW	707 "Re'em"	8[22]	1[23]	3[24]
aerial refueling	KC-707 "Saknai"	5[22]	8[23]	7[24]